Knudten .:. Crime in a complex society

Knudten, Richard A.,
Crime in a complex society. An introduction to crimonolgy. 2. Auflage. Homewood Ill,: Dorsey, 1972. xvii, 758 Seiten mit Register. Leinen. Grossoktav. 234 x 158 mm.

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* Rücken leicht bestossen.
Bestell-Nr.158250

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Knudten | Soziologie | Sociology | Crimonolgy | Kriminologie

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Introduction
CONTENTS
1 A theory of relativity: Richard D. Knudten: I. Relativity and culture. II. Relativity and social organization. III. Relativity and the small group. IV. Relativity and the individual. Concluding comments.
Part ONE Crime, criminology, and the twentieth century
1. The social context of criminal deviance 9 The American context. Crime focus: an American city: A special urban focus. Crime focus: California—an American state. Crime focus: areas of federal jurisdiction. The international context: A. Great Britain. B. Other Western European countries. C. The Orient: Japan and Korea. The paradox of crime in the complex society.
2. Crime and criminal law 40 The modern context of criminal law: the United States. The modern con-text of criminal law: Great Britain. The modern context of criminal law: Norway. The modern context of criminal law: France. The modern context of criminal law: Germany. The modern context of criminal law: Korea. The modern context of criminal law: Soviet Russia. The cultural context of criminal law.
3. The prevalence and distribution of crime 58 Data sources. Undetected and unreported crime. The known crime volume. Age as a determinant. The variable of sex. The variable of race. The ecological factor. Seasonal variations. Criminal careers. Victimiza-tion. Crime costs. Shortcomings in crime measurement.
4. A criminological approach to analysis of deviant behavior 87 Criminology as a science. Assumptions of the scientific method: Free will versus determinism. Methods of deviance analysis: The multiple-factor approach. Statistical studies. The study of traits. The case study. Partici-pant observation. Experimental methods. Criminology and social theory.
Part TWO Differential criminal expressions 5. Property crimes and offenders The professional property criminal. Property crime: Burglary. Larceny Robbery. 6. Criminal violations against the person 119 Sex offenses and offenders: Heterosexual offenses. Alternate forms of sexual deviation. The sexual offender. Sexual psychopath laws. Narcotic or drug offenses. Alcohol violations. Aggravated assault. Homicide: The Philadelphia homicide study. International homicide data. A typology of murderers. Murder followed by suicide.
7. The context of juvenile delinquency 155 Trends in international delinquency. The American scene. Types of delin-quency. The delinquent—a profile. The roots of delinquency. 8. Special forms of female criminality 176 Abortion violations: Historical attitudes toward abortion. Current abortion practices. The abortant and the abortionist. Prostitution: The prostitute. The regulation of prostitution.
9. Organized crime 187 Traditional organized crime: Gambling. Loan-sharking or "juice." Nar-cotics. Prostitution and bootlegging. Labor racketeering. Attempts at business legitimacy. The economic analysis of organized crime. The structure of organized crime. The locus of organized crime. Attempts to control organized crime. Toward the control of organized crime. The continuing problem of organized crime. 10. White-collar crime 211 Sutherland's views: Sutherland's data. The white-collar crime and offender. The opposition to the concept. A specific example: the embezzler.
Part THREE Theoretical origins of delinquent and criminal behavior
11. Physiopsychological explanations of crime causation Origins of modern criminological theory: The Beccarian hypothesis' • The Lombrosian contribution. The meaning of the Classical-Positivist argisment. Enter Ferri. Enter Garofalo. The phrenological explanation. The examination of physical types: Goring and Hooten. Studies of the Jukes and Kallikak families. The growth of experimental psychology: The investigation of mental disorders and deficiencies. Sheldon and somato-types. The Gluecks. The rise of the psychoanalytic approach. Modifica-tions in psychoanalytic theory. Other interpretations.
12. Socioenvironmental and sociocultural causation theories 245 The opening discussion: Gabriel Tarde and Gustav Aschaffenberg. Socio-environmental explanations: Urban-rural factors. Delinquency and ecol-ogy. Other perspectives. The borough of Croydon. Stepney and Poplar. Sociocultural explanations: The delinquent subculture. Differential oppor-tunity. Racketville, Slumtown, and Haulburg. The subculture of violence. The process of social deviance. Focal concerns. Subcultural transmission in the United States. Delinquency areas, social structures, and conduct norms. Five brothers, the family and delinquency. Deviance and struc-tural strain. Crime and the criminogenie culture. The "near-group" and delinquent conduct. The family and criminal deviance. Crime and economic life. Poverty and crime. Crime and social class.
13. Social-psychological causes of crime 279 Theories related to anomie: Anomie and deviant conduct. Anomie and the cultural and social structure. Anomie and opportunity structure. The neutralization hypothesis: Self, awareness, and rationalization. Delin-quency and drift. Norm containment theory. Conduct norm conflict and delinquency. Favorable self-concept and delinquency. Alienation and delinquency-crime. Kinship, masculine identification, and delinquency. Adolescent status transition. Socioethical socialization. Stigmatization by society. Deviation differential hypothesis. Personality structure and deviant conduct. Prosocial, antisocial, and asocial delinquency. Gang delinquency in England: Slumtown in England. Identity and the reference group. Differential identification and differential anticipation.
14. An integrated theory of delinquency-crime causation 305 Contemporary theory of crime causation: The relation of theory and research. Toward an integrated theory of delinquency-crime causation: Elements of an integrated theory: structural-functionalism. Elements of an integrated theory: social interactionism. Elements of an integrated theory: the social system. Elements of an integrated theory: cognitive dissonance. An integrated middle-range theory of delinquent and criminal behavior: a theory of relativity: I. Relativity and culture. II. Relativity and social organization. III. Relativity and the small group. IV. Relativity and the individual. V. Conclusion.
Part FOUR Formal systems of social control 15. The system of law enforcement 329 The evolution of the London police force. Other national police systems. The French police. The West German police. The Soviet police system. The development of the International Police Organization (INTERPoL). Systems of law enforcement in the United States: Federal enforcement agencies. The constable, town marshal, village policeman, and the county sheriff. The municipal police. The state police. Organization and strue. ture of the police. The policeman. The dilemmas of enforcement. Police discretionary power. Arrest powers in other countries: France. Japan. Canada. The police in a democratic society: Alienation and the police. The police and minorities. Policemen, gangs, and minority group mem-bers. Law enforcement and the use of force. The resolution of community conflicts. New directions in law enforcement. The meaning of the crime and enforcement problem. 16. Officers of the court: prosecution and defense attorneys 372 The origin of the prosecutor's office. The current context. The prosecuting attorney in the system of justice: The public prosecutor: types and powers. Responsibilities and discretion of the prosecuting attorney. Com-mon problems facing the prosecutor. Occasional prosecutorial duties. Plea bargaining and the public prosecutor. The prosecutor and the trial process. The prosecutor and organized crime. Prosecutors and political aspirations. Police, prosecutor, and the right to counsel. New problems confronting the prosecutor. The defense attorney in the system of justice. The defense attorney as confidence operator. Legal counsel and the public: The Legal Aid Society. The public defender system. The lawyer reference approach. The future roles of the lawyer.
Part FIVE The systems of justice 17. The juvenile court
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The evolution of the juvenile court. The jurisdiction of the juvenile court. The differing purposes of the juvenile and the criminal courts. Personnel and procedure in the juvenile court: The juvenile judge. Other officers of the court. The discretionary role of the police. Detention and shelter care. The petition and the preliminary hearing. Juvenile court procedure: the social study and case disposition. New challenges facing the juvenile court: Kent v. United States. Gault v. Arizona. The importance of these decisions. The continuing debate and its meaning. Reactions to the juvenile court in Great Britain and Scotland. Attempts to lessen stigma-tization of the juvenile.
18. The postjuvenile and adult criminal court 427 The structure of the state criminal courts. The levels of state courts: A state court system: California. Participant roles in the trial process: Bail and the criminal process. The Manhattan Bail Project. Judicial inquinj and contempt of court. The negotiated guilty plea. Criminal justice in "Metropolitan Court." Negotiated guilty pleas: "cop-out" or conscious drama? Special problems in criminal adjudications. The problem of sexual psychopaths. The rise of the jury. The jury in the United States. The role of the jury in Great Britain. The judge and the system of criminal justice. The selection of judges. Recommendations for the future selection of judges. The selection and maintenance of California judges. Variations in judicial styles. The characteristics of Metropolitan Court judges. Problematic tensions in the system of justice: The relative power of the police. The case for an ombudsman. Problems in the administration of justice. Proposals for criminal justice reform...
19. The system of military justice 472 The evolution of American military justice. The Uniform Code of Military Justice. Operational assumptions of the system of military justice. The Board of Review. The continuing evolution of military justice: The continuing problem.
20. The federal courts system 489 The U.S. district courts and the courts of appeals: The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. The call for reform. The United States Supreme Court: The process of decision making in the Supreme Court. Public tensions resulting from recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions. The Supreme Court, civil rights, and criminal processes.
Part SIX The disposition of offenders
21. The systems of sentencing and probation 507 The civil prisoner and criminal sanctions. Trends and problems in sentencing: Sentencing and prejudice. The presentence investigation. The system of probation: Juvenile probation services. Probation in a mobile society. Probation in Canada. Probation and the mentally ill. The value of community-based corrections. The probation officer. Volunteers in probation work. Recommendations for probation system modification. The probation officer as an institutional representative. Executive clem-ency and civil rights.
22. Systems of institutionalization of juveniles 545 Treatment of the juvenile offender: Approaches to treatment. The yowl authority and treatment of juveniles. Variations in programs for srm-ment of juveniles. The scope of institutions for juveniles. The d* of delinquents in Great Britain. Treatment of juveniles in Canada. After. care of juveniles: The problem of reentnj. The continuing problem.
23. The incarceration of adults 573 The use of jails in the United States. Correctional systems in other countries: Canada. France, England, The Netherlands. Scandinavia. The prison and its inmates: The classification of prisoners. Phases of imprison. ment. The character of the prison. Prisonization and inmate social roles. The frustrations of imprisonment. Prison culture and structure. Homo-sexuality and conjugal visiting. Imprisonment and family life. Charac-teristics of prisoners. The problem of discipline. Prison work and voca-tional training programs. The role of the warden. Treatment in a prison setting: Challenges in treatment. Recent advances in treatment. Treat-ment and penal reform. Recommendations of the President's Commission.
24. Deprivation of life 621 The scope of death penalty crimes. Capital punishment in the United States and Canada: The use of the death penalty. The death penalty in states that have abolished and later reinstated it. Is the death penalty a deterrent? The movement toward abolition of the death penalty. The lessened dependence upon the deprivation of life.
Part SEVEN The return to the community 25. Parole and community reentry 643 Parole in the United States and Canada: Criteria for parole. Parole and the community. Parole sanctions. The Interstate Parole and Probation Compact and parole failure. Preparation for prisoner reentry. Prerelease and work furlough/work release programs. Problems of inmate postreleasc adjustment. Easing the reentry problem. 669 26. Recidivism and the problem of prediction The problem of recidivism: Recidivism and reformation. Recidivism and employment. The problem of prediction: The scope of prediction. Pn" diction and prediction typologies. What can be said accurately?
Part EIGHT The prevention of delinquency and crime The prevention of delinquent and criminal conduct 691
Approaches and assumptions of prevention: Variations in prevention methods. Prevention and social institutions. Employment and prevention. Prevention and boy's clubs. Religion and prevention. The failure of delinquency and crime prevention programs. Toward realistic prevention programs. Prevention and the President's Commission.
Appendix Figure A-1: Crimes by the month 721 Table A-1: Disposition of persons formally charged by the police, 1968 723 Table A-2: Total arrest trends, 1960-68 724 Table A-3: Total arrests, distribution by sex, 1968 726 Table A-4: Arrests, number and rate, 1968, by population groups 728 Table A-5: Total arrests by age, 1968 732 Table A-6: Total arrests by race, 1968 734 Table A-7: Total arrests by race, 1968 736 Table A-8: Total arrest trends by sex, 1967-68 738
Index 741

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